A Global Health Discussion Ebola

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544)

Manco Incas Rebellion (1536-1544) Manco Inca’s Rebellion (1535-1544): Manco Inca (1516-1544) was one of the last native lords of the Inca Empire. Installed by the Spanish as a puppet leader, Manco grew increasingly angry at his masters, who treated him with disrespect and who were plundering his empire and enslaving his people. In 1536 he escaped from the Spanish and spent the next nine years on the run, organizing a guerrilla resistance against the hated Spanish until his assassination in 1544. Ascent of Manco Inca: In 1532, the Inca Empire was picking up the pieces after a long civil war between brothers Atahualpa and Huscar. Just as Atahualpa had defeated Huscar, a far greater threat approached: 160 Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro and his men captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca and held him for ransom. Atahualpa paid, but the Spanish killed him anyway in 1533. The Spaniards installed a puppet Emperor, Tupac Huallpa, upon Atahualpas death, but he died shortly thereafter of smallpox. The Spanish selected Manco, a brother of Atahualpa and Huscar, to be the next Inca: he was only about 19 years old. A supporter of the defeated Huscar, Manco was lucky to have survived the civil war and was thrilled to be offered the position of Emperor. Abuses of Manco: Manco soon found that serving as puppet emperor did not suit him. The Spaniards who controlled him were coarse, greedy men who did not respect Manco or any other native. Although nominally in charge of his people, he had little real power and mostly performed traditional ceremonial and religious duties. In private, the Spanish tortured him to make him reveal the location of more gold and silver (the invaders had already carted off a fortune in precious metals but wanted more). His worst tormentors were Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro: Gonzalo even forcibly stole Mancos noble Inca wife. Manco tried to escape in October of 1535, but was recaptured and jailed. Escape and Rebellion: In April of 1836 Manco tried to escape again. This time he had a clever plan: he told the Spanish that he had to go officiate at a religious ceremony in the Yucay Valley and that he would bring back a golden statue he knew of: the promise of gold worked like a charm, as he had known it would. Manco escaped and summoned his generals and called for his people to take up arms. In May, Manco led a massive army of 100,000 native warriors in a siege of Cuzco. The Spanish there only survived by capturing and occupying the nearby fortress of Sachsaywaman. The situation turned into a stalemate until a force of Spanish conquistadors under Diego de Almagro returned from an expedition to Chile and dispersed Mancos forces. Biding His Time: Manco and his officers retreated to the town of Vitcos in the remote Vilcabamba Valley. There, they fought off en expedition led by Rodrigo Orgoà ±ez. Meanwhile, a civil war had broken out in Peru between the supporters of Francisco Pizarro and those of Diego de Almagro. Manco waited patiently in Vitcos while his enemies made war on one another. The civil wars would eventually claim the lives of both Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro; Manco must have been pleased to see his old foes brought down. Manco’s Second Rebellion: In 1537, Manco decided it was time to strike again. Last time, he had led a massive army in the field and had been defeated: he decided to try new tactics this time. He sent out word to local chieftains to attack and wipe out any isolated Spanish garrisons or expeditions. The strategy worked, to an extent: some Spanish individuals and small groups were killed and travel through Peru became very unsafe. The Spanish responded by sending another expedition after Manco and traveling in larger groups. The natives did not succeed, however, in securing an important military victory or driving the hated Spanish out. The Spanish were furious with Manco: Francisco Pizarro even ordered the execution of Cura Ocllo, Manco’s wife and a captive of the Spanish, in 1539. By 1541 Manco was once again in hiding in the Vilcabamba Valley. Death of Manco Inca: In 1541 the civil wars broke out again as supporters of Diego de Almagros son assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. For a few months, Almagro the Younger ruled in Peru, but he was defeated and executed. Seven of Almagros Spanish supporters, knowing they would be executed for treason if captured, showed up in Vilcabamba asking for sanctuary. Manco granted them entrance: he put them to work training his soldiers in horsemanship and the use of Spanish armor and weapons. These treacherous men murdered Manco sometime in mid-1544. They were hoping to gain a pardon for their support of Almagro, but instead they were quickly tracked down and killed by some of Mancos soldiers. Legacy of Manco’s Rebellions: Mancos first rebellion of 1536 represented the last, best chance the native Andeans had of kicking out the hated Spanish. When Manco failed to capture Cuzco and annihilate the Spanish presence in the highlands, any hope of ever returning to native Inca rule collapsed. Had he captured Cuzco, he could have tried to keep the Spanish to the coastal regions and maybe force them to negotiate. His second rebellion was well thought-out and did enjoy some success, but the guerrilla campaign did not last long enough to do any lasting damage. When he was treacherously murdered, Manco was training his troops and officers in Spanish methods of warfare: this suggests the intriguing possibility that had he survived he many have eventually used the Spanish weapons against them. With his death, however, this training was abandoned and future rogue Inca leaders such as Tà ºpac Amaru did not have Mancos vision. Manco was a good leader of his people. He initially sold out to become ruler, but swiftly saw that he had made a grave mistake. Once he escaped and rebelled, he did not look back and dedicated himself to removing the hated Spanish from his homeland. Source: Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).

The advantages of the nursing profession to any society Essay

The advantages of the nursing profession to any society - Essay Example Healthcare is a priority for any society that appreciates the welfare of her citizens,and the role of the professional nurse in the quality of healthcare is crucial.However,not all societies appreciate the important role that the nurse plays in qualitative and effective healthcare delivery system.The purpose of this research is to document the cost implications of the absence of solid and working professional nursing community in any society,using community nursing as a yardstick.The research study will make use of a survey questionnaire to collect data from consenting subjects that shall include the elderly with frailty or other patients with special needs and long term admission in hospital settings,and professional nurses that have had several years of experience with special need patients.The consent of the subjects shall be sought before the questionnaire is administered on them and the confidentiality of the subjects maintained.Human subject approval will also be obtained from the School of Nursing.Descriptive statistics and correlational statistics will be used to analyse the data collected to determine the perception of nursing in the community and the perceived cost of long term hospital admission.It is hoped that the results of this study would make the government and healthcare professional redesign the healthcare system around a professional nursing community as is obtained in several developed countries where the roles of the nurse in qualitative healthcare delivery have been appreciated.... As if that is not enough, nurses are known to advocate for health promotion, educate patients and the public on the prevention of illness and injury, provide care and assist in cure, participate in rehabilitation, and provide support. No other healthcare professional can reasonable make claims to such a complex and far reaching role in healthcare delivery (Lenburg, 1999; Importance of Nursing, 2006). Nurses do more than care for individuals. They have always have been at the forefront of change in health care and public health, they provide ongoing assessment of people's health. Their round-the-clock presence, observation skills, and vigilance allow doctors to make better diagnoses and propose better treatments. Many lives have been saved because an attentive nurse picked upon early warning signs of an upcoming crisis like cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. According to Thomson (1997), the role of the professional nurse goes beyond the carrying out of tasks usually associated with the profession, especially in countries where the role of the nurse has not been fully appreciated, neither is the nurse restricted to just 'caring' for the patient. She argued that every professional nurse is taught and mandated to act always in such a manner as to: safeguard and promote the interests of individual patients and clients; serve the interests of society, justify public trust and confidence and uphold and enhance the good standing and reputation of the professions One important aspect of nursing that greatly affects the quality of life of any society is community nursing, also referred to as visiting homecare nursing.

COMMUNITY RESILIENCE FOR DIAMOND HEAD SCENIC BYWAYS PROJECT Research Paper - 1

COMMUNITY RESILIENCE FOR DIAMOND HEAD SCENIC BYWAYS PROJECT - Research Paper Example However one would be interested in understanding community resilience through evaluating ‘Diamond head scenic byways project’ and this forms the theme of this paper. The scenic byway project under analysis is the Hawaii global image/symbol, which comprise of a historic shore line, crater parks, cultural scenes as well as historic roads which in broad defines and explains the cultural heritage of the communities of Hawaii. This icon has stood relevant over generations ever since Hawaiian Monarchy with much of relevance today is being accorded to the icon on its use. Besides, being used for recreational purposes, people converge at the icon for learning experiences. The intrinsic features of the ‘Diamond Head byways’ are together with historical, cultural, archaeological as well as historical. However, it is worth noting that the responsibility of preserving the icon rests with national government, the state designations and the public under charitable land trusts. How exactly could the communities living in Hawaii be seen on matters of resilience in association with the iconic feature of ‘Diamond head byways’? From the historical perspective of the communities, it is shown that the volcano served as a watchtower from where any approaching fleet of canoes would be spotted early enough and evaluated on whether it meant peace of otherwise through runners. In the event of a danger, message would be sent across the island and as such appropriate measures on security would be taken. This would therefore explain the strategic preparedness that the Hawaiian people stayed concerning external attacks especially by sea. The other feature illustrating the resilience of the people living within the area in ancient times was through use of fires at the peak to direct canoes in the sea without which the fishermen using such

Use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental for Pain Management

Use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental for Pain Management Different premedication admixture with propofol to attenuate pain severityinduced by propofol injection: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial Abstract Background and Objective Propofol has widely used due to providing pleasant anesthesia and rapid recovery. However; injection pain is one of the main side effects of a propofol that has remained as an undesirable problem. This study compares the effect of thiopental, lidocaine, fentanyl , normal saline admixture with propofol compared with only propofol on injection pain induced by propofol Materials and methods A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 257 patients that were randomly allocated to one of five groups to receive only 2mg/kg of Propofol type Fresenius One percent in group I, 2 cc of Lidocaine 1% in group II, 2 ml of Normal Saline 0.09% in group III, 50 mg Sodium Thiopental in Group IV and Group V were injected 100Â µg Fentanyl before injection of Propofol. Verbal Rating Scale was used for assessing pain. Results A significant decrease in pain severity during injection was achieved in group II (lidocaine ) and IV (Thiopental) compared to other groups. Fentanyl was also effective in reducing moderate pain. Conclusion: We found that Thiopental and lidocaine reduce more effectively incidence and pain severity than other groups. It seems that aforementioned drugs bee more appropriate as an alternative method to diminish propofol injection pain than others treatment in this study. Key Word: propofol, injection pain, premedication Introduction Preoperative care cause satisfaction for patient in recent years(1)Propofol is the drug that has attained popularity which has widely used owing to its fast onset time ,short-acting duration , and trivial adverse effects (2) despite these favorable attributes, the prevalence of injection pain has been reported 68-90% and has been ranked seventh among the 33 undesirable clinical problem in anesthesia(3-6). Injection pain severity was reported 5.6 Â ± 2.3 by measuring system of Visual Analog Scale , which represents unfavorable pain (7). Up to now, different ways have been studied and recommended to reduce the incidence and pain severity of Propofol injection. Among various methods, emollient of Propofol (8, 9) and using numerous drugs including Lidocaine (10), Thiopental(11) ,Alfentanil (12) and Gransytron or Ondansetron(13)can be noted. There are different emollients of Propofol in Iran such as Fresenius Propofol 1% which has a side branch of a long triglyceride (LCT) and Lipuro Pro pofol 1% which has side branches of medium and long triglyceride (MCT/LCT) ,that is assuming that later one is more effective in reducing injection pain(14). Lidocaine as a local anesthetic inhibits the beginning and conduction of nervous impulses by decreasing the penetration of nerve membrane to Na+. It prevents the membrane depolarization, effluence and conduction of potential . It’s systemic absorption is rapid via skin and phlegm (throat, respiratory system) (15).Fentanyl is a drug which usually used as a premedication, because of the rapid and short onset, intense analgesia, Stable cardiovascular hemodynamic as well as less histamine release (16). Thiopental from barbiturate family causes hypotension but has a high ability to protect nerves and control ICP (17). Ondansetron is a modern antiemetic drug which is chosen as the antagonist of Hydroxyl Triptamin type 3. This drug reduces nausea and vomiting and its complications are also very low(18). Different advantages of aforementioned drugs for pain persuaded us to use them to understand that how much they can reduce propofol injection pain and which one is more effective. Methods: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 257 patients, after obtaining confirmation from both Golestan University of medical science and 5th Azar hospital ethical committee approval. Signed written consent was taken from all subjects before surgery. Including criteria were patient aged between 15 to 55 years old with ASA ÃŽâ„¢, ΙΙ (American Society Anesthesiologist) that candidated for elective surgery, such as bowel obstruction, hernia, laparatomy , during 1390 to 5th Azar educational hospital in Gorgan, northeast of Iran. Alcohol consumption or taking any pain medication during 24 hours before surgery, a history of neurological disease, chronic pain syndrome, thrombofelebit, advanced systemic disease (such as advanced diabetes), and any contraindication based on injection of Propofol led to patient withdrawal from the study. Measuring patients pain using VRS (Verbal Rating Scale) from zero to three which has been developed by MC Hunter and Crirrick. Detail shown in (table 1). After patient’s entering into the operation room ,a No. 20 cannula were inserted in the biggest vein in no dominate hand. (without injection of a local anesthetic) and was connected to normal saline solution (without start of infusion). Difference between the two independent proportion formula calculated 24 samples for each group, however, considering five groups in our study, adjusted for sampling (19) was calculated, (= = 2*24 = 48 48*5= 245 ) g assume as the number of groups that 245 samples calculated. To achieve as s ame power as parametric tests we also used the efficiency power of nonparametric test, so that the sample size was multiplied by inverse 95 percent (20)which finally 260 samples was considered. Simple randomization allocation method was used to assign patients into five groups, so that five envelopes which containing the name of drugs was prepared and one out of five randomly selected for a patient and this approach repeated for all patients. In the first group (53 patients) 2mg/kg of Propofol type Fresenius One percent (MCT/LCT) was injected. In the second group (50 patients), 2 cc of Lidocaine 1% before use of Propofol was injected . The third group (48 patients), received 2 ml of normal saline 0.09% before the injection of Propofol .Group IV (54 patients) 50 mg Sodium Thiopental before injection of Propofol type Fresenius was injected. Group V (55 patients) also received 100Â µg Fentanyl before injection of Propofol. The place of injection is the dorsal vein of the hand. None of the patients received premedication and they were asked about the pain in injection place, 5-10 seconds after injection of 25% of anesthetic induction dose. And it was inscribed in questionnaire and after lessening the level of patients’ consciousness the rest of the anesthetics were injected. Anesthesia method were be same in all patients. The Propofol we wanted to use kept at room temperature (21 centigrade). Patients and the anesthesia nurse who filled out the questionnaires won’t know about the injected solution. And there is no chance to distinguish the solutions because they had the same color, volume and also the same shape. The first anesthesia nurse prepared the medication and injected by the second anesthesia nurse, the measure of pain and discomfort in hand examined by third anesthesia nurses and the questionnaire filled out by the fourth anesthesia nurse .To determine the relationship between premeditation and a measure of the pain Mann-Whitney and Kruskal- Walis test was used and demographic feature was also compared using ANOVA and Chi Square test with Spss 11.5. Results 257 out of a total 260 participated patients were analyzed in our study and 3 cases due to lack of condition were exclude. Characteristic of study subject including age, gender, weight and ASA physical status were presented in table2. No statistically significant difference saw in demographic characteristics of all groups and were comparable. (Table 2)(p>0.05)The overall and detailed of pain incidence shown for all groups in (table 3).Pain intensity at propofol injection in lidocaine and thiopental groups was much lower than three other groups especially in severe pain however fentanyl were also better than normal saline combined with propofol and using propofol only. No patient experienced spo2 less than 95% and heart rate lower than 50/min. No complication and adverse effect (eg, pain, allergic reaction, inflammation, edema, wheal ) were observed at the injection location 24 h after surgery. There was no conflict of interest . Discussion Pain during propofol injection causes anxiety and can interfere an appropriate anesthesia. Pain during Propofol injection mechanism is not well known yet, But it is suggested that perhaps a direct stimulating effect causes the immediate feeling of pain, or an indirect effect dependent on mediators release lead to begin pain.(15) dilatory pain (after 10 to 20 seconds) results from an indirect effect on the endothelium owing to the release of Cyanogens(21). Fat-soluble causes the increased activity of plasma’s kallikrein-kini system that leads to production of bradykinin. These interactions cause dilation and increased permeability in the peripheral veins, lead to an increase in Aqueous phase of Propofol with the endothelium and free efferent nerve endings between the media and intima of vessel wall and eventually cause pain (22). Finally we can say Propofol is a kind of drugs which stimulate skin, phlegm and inner vein wall(23). Gozal and Freeman (24-26) have debated, confined area size between the endothelium and drug is more influential than absolute drug concentration. A various method such as temperature(27) dilution(28) concurrent use of drugs(29-31) , give a variety to speed injection(32) has been used to attenuate propofol injection pain but different lidokaine dose and technique mostly use to attenuate for such pain (33)Analgesia results of Lidocaine in pain reduction following Propofol injection is not only because of it’s local analgesia but also it causes the decrease in Propofol Ph, and according to a hypothesis, Ph decrease causes Propofol moving into lipid phase and decrease Propofol in Aqueous phase and therefore lead to decreasing pain.(34, 35). In the present study, injection of Lidocaine before Propofol injection leading reduction in pain that the findings are compatible with other studies (23, 26, 36) but with the exception that their doses which were more than ours. Nevertheless controversy still exists (37) maybe for using higher dose in our study . The effect of Sodium Thiopental in pain reduction was accorded with other s tudies (8, 35, 38, 39). Fentanyl is also diminishes such pain but not as much as lidocaine and thiopental that is consistent in diminishing pain with others investigations (40-42) Conclusion This study finding shows that use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental in comparison with other medications cause more reduction in pain especially in severe pains but lidocaine is more available cheaper than thiopental . Although no significant observed between some groups in pain reduction but pay attention to our founding in frequency of pain suggest using propofol with any premedication even normal saline better than injected propofol alone.

Hugh Prathers Notes to Myself :: Notes to Myself Essays

Sometimes mankind has to ask the question ‘what is it that makes up the actions and determines the type of interaction that we display when around other people?' Notes to Myself is the contemporary world's way of questioning the value of putting on facades. The novel also questions things we know as ‘ trivial' such as watching a cat sleep on our belly or staring at clouds in the sky. The author used an interesting form for writing his collection, omitting page numbers and leaving no indication as to what subject the reader should expect to be encountering upon reading sections. His views are interesting to say the least. Focusing on self meditation and self reliance, he proceeds to describe human interaction and what he really is thinking when exposed to different situations. For instance, he describes a conversation with a young lady in which she wanted to ‘just be friends' while he being ‘male' can do nothing about the fact that he may be sexually aroused by her whether they were ‘just friends' or not. This type of unconventional expression of human emotion is the color of all of the selections. The author does not wish to conceal feeling nor put on different faces in different situations but be himself and be happy being himself at all times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interesting stands on happiness are also expressed. Boredom is vaguely related to happiness by the rationalization that one can be happy simply by picking lint off of the floor. While his thoughts are genuine, one can almost comprehend the randomness of human thought. There is a wrinkled cellophane wrapper on my desk and it reflects my image just as water does. Randomness is definitely one of this books strong points. (That random sentence beforehand was a personal example of the wandering mind).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is the type of book that you would not want to read between commercials but one that warrants a good hour and a half (at least) of quiet Hugh Prather's Notes to Myself :: Notes to Myself Essays Sometimes mankind has to ask the question ‘what is it that makes up the actions and determines the type of interaction that we display when around other people?' Notes to Myself is the contemporary world's way of questioning the value of putting on facades. The novel also questions things we know as ‘ trivial' such as watching a cat sleep on our belly or staring at clouds in the sky. The author used an interesting form for writing his collection, omitting page numbers and leaving no indication as to what subject the reader should expect to be encountering upon reading sections. His views are interesting to say the least. Focusing on self meditation and self reliance, he proceeds to describe human interaction and what he really is thinking when exposed to different situations. For instance, he describes a conversation with a young lady in which she wanted to ‘just be friends' while he being ‘male' can do nothing about the fact that he may be sexually aroused by her whether they were ‘just friends' or not. This type of unconventional expression of human emotion is the color of all of the selections. The author does not wish to conceal feeling nor put on different faces in different situations but be himself and be happy being himself at all times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interesting stands on happiness are also expressed. Boredom is vaguely related to happiness by the rationalization that one can be happy simply by picking lint off of the floor. While his thoughts are genuine, one can almost comprehend the randomness of human thought. There is a wrinkled cellophane wrapper on my desk and it reflects my image just as water does. Randomness is definitely one of this books strong points. (That random sentence beforehand was a personal example of the wandering mind).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is the type of book that you would not want to read between commercials but one that warrants a good hour and a half (at least) of quiet

Pallister Case Study Essay

Background and Problem Palliser Furniture Ltd. is Canadian second largest furniture company. They currently have production facilities in Canada, Mexico, and Indonesia. Due to increasing competitive pressures from Asia, Palliser Furniture must decide whether to expand into the Chinese market, and if so through which entry strategy? SWOT ANALYSIS Internal Analysis: (Firm) Strengths: 1. Brand Name Recognition: Palliser has high brand name recognition especially domestically in Canada with the majority of its revenues are generated and it is known for its innovation, high quality, and contemporary design. 2. Recruited product managers/designers from all across the world including Sweden, Hong Kong, and Italy. 3. New distribution channel through the dealer-owned stores was very successful. Weakness: 1. Employees lay off at the Winnipeg factory. Downsizing activities such as this often decrease employee morale, impact employees’ perception of job security, and increase turnover rates. External Analysis: (Industry) Opportunity: 1. China’s total furniture output value was $20 billion and accounted for 10 per cent of world total furniture output value. 2. China’s furniture export was growing at an annual rate of over 30 per cent. 3. China could offer Palliser lower labor costs and high-quality workers. Along with minimum income tax and social costs is giving China a solid competitive position. 4. Producing the same product in China was up to 30 per cent cheaper compared to North America. 5. China offered cheaper supplies including leather, wood, foam, and packaging. Threat: 1. Increased Competition: America, Japanese, and Italian firms had established factories in China. Strong competition that will compete for the same skilled employees. 2. Chinese language and cultural barriers. Industry Attractiveness: China has made significant progress in the furniture market and will likely continue to see further growth due to its low labor costs and low tariffs making this a very attractive market for Palliser. Strategic Alternatives A) Maintain status quo (Do not invest in China) Pro: Simple Con: Lost market potential and possible cost savings B) Enter Chinese market through subcontracting with another firm Pro: Lower involvement, requires less financial commitment, and reduces risk Con: Conflict or unable to meet delivery dates, etc. C) Expand Palliser relationship with China through foreign direct investment (wholly owned) Pro: Cheaper labor and allows Palliser to focus on cost leadership strategy. Con: Higher risk, more involvement required Recommendation/Implementation In order for Palliser Furniture to remain competitive it critical for them to invest and expand into China immediately. Palliser should manufacture the motion products in this market due to the possible savings of $130 per product and identity the most effective market distribution channels in order to better achieve its cost leadership strategy. However, before entering this market Palliser should conduct a thorough industry analysis in order to understand any potential barriers such as China’s laws and regulations, shipping, tax structure, and supply of infrastructure in order to prevent any future problems (as experienced in Mexico). References Paperadepts.( 2011). Pallister furniture, S.W.O.T. analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.paperadepts.com/paper/Pallister-furniture-S.W.O.T.-analysis-185519.html Writework (2005). Pallister furniture, S.W.O.T. analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.writework.com/essay/pallister-furniture-s-w-o-t-analysis